Tissue is made up of cells and other biologically active molecules. Tissue engineering is the process of combining these elements to repair or replace damaged organs. Some examples of engineered tissue include artificial skin and cartilage. Although the development of engineered tissue has made it possible to replace damaged organs, its use in patients is limited.
Cell division
Cell division in tissue occurs during the growth and development of a living organism. Cells divide in two parts by pinching their cytoplasm in two. This process is known as cytokinesis. It involves the pinching of a cell in two, the synthesis of two nuclei, and the production of small amounts of protein. During a single cycle, a single cell can divide as many as 118 times, forming 4096 new cells.
Stem cells undergo asymmetric cell division to achieve a balance between differentiation and self-renewal. This asymmetric division depends on asymmetric cellular architecture and the niche the cells occupy. Drosophila stem cells, for example, have well-characterized stem cell niches. The asymmetric behavior of centrosomes is essential to proper asymmetric stem cell division.
Tissue morphogenesis also involves the spatiotemporal organization of cell divisions. Tissue morphogenesis is a fundamental feature of multicellular organisms, and misregulation of cell divisions can cause severe developmental defects.
Connective tissue
The body is made of several different types of connective tissue. Most of this tissue is composed of cells called fibroblasts. These cells secrete proteins and polysaccharides. These substances combine with extra-cellular fluids to create the extracellular matrix. In addition to fibroblasts, the connective tissue also contains other types of cells, such as adipocytes and mast cells.
The different types of connective tissue have different functions and properties. For example, some tissue is loose, while others are dense. The difference is often difficult to discern with microscopic observation. In addition, inadvertent compression can decrease the space between the fibers. This can lead to pain and swelling.
There are various treatments available for connective tissue diseases. These may include vitamins, physical therapy, and other medications. Patients will typically need to see their doctor on a regular basis. They may also need to see a specialist. While some connective tissue diseases have a favorable prognosis, some are more serious and may require surgery or lifestyle changes.
Connective tissue is important for many functions. It acts as a transport route for blood and various cell types, and also serves as a battleground for invading microorganisms. Without connective tissue, bacteria cannot easily proliferate. It also provides the ideal warm, oxygenated environment.
Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue, also known as neural tissue, is part of the body’s nervous system. It is responsible for regulating the activities and functions of the body. This tissue is made up of nerve fibers that transmit signals throughout the body. In addition to transmitting information from the brain to the muscles and organs, nerves also help control pain and body temperature.
Nervous tissue is made up of two types of cells: neurons and glia. Neurons are the cells that send electrical impulses to different parts of the body, while neuroglia cells protect nerve cells and provide them with nutrients. Together, these two types of cells form a substance called myelin.
Students aspiring to pursue careers in medicine and engineering should develop a working knowledge of the nervous system. Understanding the functions of these tissues will allow them to analyze the internal system of human beings and communicate effectively with others. These tissues also play an important role in the development of rational thinking and emotional responses. A good understanding of the nervous system can help students prepare for competitive exams.
Nervous tissue is present throughout the body, in the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. Nerve cells contain an elongated axon and dendrites that process stimuli and trigger a response. Nerve cells also have a cell body with organs and nucleus.
Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue is a layer of tissue that separates two structures, such as the walls of blood vessels. It forms a mostly impenetrable layer and is held together by tight junctions between individual cells. Epithelial cells are grouped in sheets known as epithelia.
Cells in epithelial tissue are normally thin and contain cilia and microvilli. They play various roles in the body, including absorption and secretion. Cilia are extensions of the apical cell membrane and are supported by microtubules. They help to transport fluids and enzymes. The epithelia in the lungs and intestines are ciliated. Their cilia help the body’s immune system function.
Epithelial tissue is found in many areas of the body. It is responsible for maintaining health and many bodily functions. Healthcare providers will often refer to epithelial tissues when discussing various procedures, diseases, or treatments. It is important to learn more about the different types of epithelial tissues and the roles they play in our health.
Epithelial cells vary in shape and structure, and may be cuboidal, squamous, or columnar. Their nuclei are spherical, elliptic, or flattened. They vary in their function, and some have specialized functions.
Muscle tissue
Muscle tissue is a group of cells that contain actin, myosin, and a variety of other proteins. These proteins connect to one another to form filaments that slide past each other during contraction. When a signal is received to contract a muscle, a single cell can shorten as much as 70% of its length. This process helps the muscles move bones, squeeze different organs, and squeeze the various chambers of the body.
Muscle tissue can be categorized into two main types. Smooth muscle tissue is non-striated and is found in hollow organs and around passages. It is also known as involuntary muscle. Skeletal muscle cells, on the other hand, are striated and are found only in the heart and in the limbs. Each muscle cell consists of one nucleus.
Smooth muscle, also known as myosin, is the inner layer of the skeletal muscle. It forms parallel to the tubular structure. It can be cut longitudinally or cross-sectionally. It is composed of single cells with a central nucleus. The cytoplasm is generally homogeneous, though occasional dense bodies may be visible.
Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue, or AT, is an active organ in the body that controls metabolic processes and homeostasis. It also secretes hormones, known as adipokines, which affect other organ systems. These hormones increase insulin sensitivity, regulate blood pressure, and help to regulate fat storage.
There are two types of adipocytes in the body. The first form, called the fusiform precursor cell, is responsible for lipid accumulation and coalescence and develops into a single large dropper cell. Another form of adipocytes, called unilocular white adipocytes, form fat depots within connective tissues. These cells often form distinct compartments in the connective tissue.
Adipose tissue is a structural network of fibers and fat cells located throughout the body. It mainly lies beneath the skin, but is also found between the bones and inside the intestines. It also contains nerve cells and communicates with other organs through hormone signals. Although it has many important functions, it can also malfunction.
Besides its functions as energy storage, adipogenesis also regulates the amount of food intake and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, it helps regulate the production of steroid hormones. Adipose tissue also cushions organs. The white adipose tissue is also important for regulating the body’s temperature.
Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle tissue is a type of tissue that is found throughout the body. It has a variety of functions, including aiding in digestion, excreting body waste and regulating blood pressure and tissue oxygenation. Smooth muscle also lines organs and helps regulate electrolyte balance. It also has the capacity to hold large amounts of force.
Because of its ability to direct the development of organs, smooth muscle cells have been a focus of research. These cells are capable of altering epithelial shapes during embryonic development, and the mechanical properties of smooth muscle make them a promising target for future research in developmental biology and tissue engineering. Further studies will need to be performed to fully understand how these cells influence organ development.
Smooth muscle is made up of fibres bound together by fibrils called fasciculi. Each individual muscle fibre is arranged roughly parallel to one another. Unlike visceral muscle, smooth muscle does not contain striated muscle cells. Smooth muscle tissue also contains collagenous tissue that connects individual fibres.
